During the 1960s, Warhol also groomed a retinue of bohemian and counterculture eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the designation "superstars", which includes Nico, Joe Dallesandro, Edie Sedgwick, Viva, Ultra Violet, Holly Woodlawn, Jackie Curtis, and Candy Darling. Warhol was severely wounded by the assault and scarcely survived. In the 1950s, Warhol worked as a designer for shoe producer Israel Miller.